4 the Major Problems of Enterprise Management Project Mode

4.1 The challenge of organizational structure

Organizational structure is closely related with the uncertainty of corporate environment.

(1) The enterprise project has many objectives, due to the market is changed quickly, the enterprise cannot determine the business goals base on existing market, but should be based on the consumer tastes and even deeper level of social, economic (Franke, R.H., Hofstede, G. and Bond, M.H. 1991). In this case, more knowledge and information are needed to determine the market target. But the knowledge and information are not enough, the internal resources are very important too.

(2) The temporary of project changes determines the organizational structure, once the project is completed the organization is disbanded (Enright, M.J., Scott, E.E. and Dodwell, D. 1997). The traditional typical organizational structure is a pyramid structure based on the functions, this organizational structure has been adopted by most enterprises and still be one of the main forms in the organizational structure of the enterprise. The labor division of functional organizational structure is clearly, the power is divided according to grade (Fukuda, K. 1987). However, because of the clearly labor division, the benefit is only related with their duties in their scope, so some people will only care their own work and the staff and departments work according to the provisions of the command, this results a low efficiency. The modern environment is complex and unstable, a large number of factors influence the organization (Dale, B.G. 1999). As they are frequently changing, they blocked the manager's actions, particularly in the relatively large number of enterprises in the project, several departments and teams changes at the same time, the environment is even more chaotic. TtThe traditional organizational structure is challenged, so the establishment of a suitable enterprise project management organizational structure is the most pressing issue currently. to同Toto

4.2 The enterprise culture is difficult to be developed

The modern enterprises aware that the major competitiveness of enterprises are no longer plant, equipment and the product itself, but rather information management system, innovation, corporate culture and so on. The formation of a corporate culture will take a long period of time, and need the employees form a consciousness and efforts (Burril, C.W. and Ledolter, J. 1999). The unique corporate culture, human nature often becomes a powerful weapon in the market.

The function of corporate culture can be divided into two sides, one is an enterprise functions within corporate culture. Corporate culture can generate cohesion function that allows all staff to form an integrated force to achieve the enterprise's overall goals in the widely accepted premise of corporate culture. Another is that the function is developed by enterprise culture in all sectors of society outside the enterprise (Chan, J.W.K. 1997). : In the project-oriented enterprises, cultural is difficult to be developed: the employees can not understand the company's overall goals due to the project is short-term and diversity, particularly in the virtual enterprise and partnering, the short-term as well as the dispersion of the local where employees work in make the formation of its corporate culture is extremely difficult, even if the corporate culture is formed, its role is also played with big discount. Therefore, the building of enterprise culture and team culture is also essential in the project-oriented enterprise management model.

4.3 The management of knowledge workers is difficult

知识管理是自 20 Knowledge management is the most important management development after Taylor's scientific management since the 20th century. Knowledge-based enterprises have become the economic mainstream in developed countries, the employment of knowledge workers becomes the largest force (Chan, V. 1998). Carrying out business revolution actively and speeding up knowledge-based process are related with enterprise survival. As knowledge exists in the minds of knowledge workers, companies can not own and control it, the employment relationship is transformed from the employment of knowledge to knowledge-employment of capital (Child, J. 1995). Knowledge workers pursuit their own job based on their own career feelings and development prospects, so talent flows have become a common phenomenon in enterprise.

For the project-oriented enterprises, intellectual resources are the engine which related with the survival and development of corporate. 对此，比尔盖茨曾感言 : 如果把我们最优秀的 20 Therefore, Bill Gates comments: If our best 20 workers are taken away, I can say that Microsoft will become an insignificant company.，彼得·德鲁克也曾以远见卓识断言 : 21 世纪面对的最大挑战。 Peter Drucker also asserted: how to improve the productivity of knowledge workers, and how to manage knowledge workers, is the greatest challenge in enterprise in the 21st century. ; ; There are several reasons for why knowledge workers is a problem, first, because knowledge is the privileges for knowledge workers, and some even individuals has become the company's most important resource. Secondly, the knowledge workers pursue the freedom, knowledge is power of freedom, so the leader can not manage the worker too much. Third, if knowledge workers go to another enterprise, the competitive power will be lower, this will be more serious. ; Knowledge workers is particularly important for enterprise, first, knowledge workers hold the company's core technology, once the loss of staff would lead to leakage of core technology. Second the uniqueness of the project determines the uniqueness and adaptability of employee. In the middle course of the project, once the staff is loosen, it will interrupt of the project, and affect the course of the project, more serious is the loss of project leader. The general solution is to reschedule the project members, but since the new project members are familiar enough to control the project, it will take some time, this will lead to subsequent delays in project delivery time, and affect customer satisfaction and corporate reputation. So, how to recruit and hold income-generating knowledge groups is the major focus for enterprises.

4.4 Schedule Control is still a problem for traditional enterprises

There : ①团队成员的工作效率。are many factors affect the progress of the project, mainly as the following points: ① Team productive efficiency. Team members can not always maintain the high efficiency states, their emotional fluctuations often affect the efficiency (Head, C.W. 1997). ; ②出错。 Once a person's work was interrupted, it will take some time to return to its original working condition; ② Error. The process of information transmission may distort some time, it will be not smooth in information transmission, this results some errors in project control (Hoecklin, L. 1995). T ; ③环境因素。TTThe error should be promptly corrected, but it is necessary to correct the events and resources, so it will affect the progress of the project; ③ Environmental factors. Project is not isolated, it is always linked with the environment. Once the project has a negative effect on the environment, the environment will make a fight back. ; ④突发事件。 For example, in the construction industry, if the construction is too noisy, the residents will appeal to stop the construction, then the impact of the progress of the project is very straightforward; ④ Emergencies., there will be some unexpected events in the actual conduct of the project. In the planning phase it is impossible to estimate the entire sudden event, but if you are prepared in mentally, adjusting the events in time, the progress will be normal soon. The progress management of the project in enterprise management promotes flexible constraint (Hofstede, G. 1980), it is a change and improvement for traditional commitment actually, it pays more attention to coordination. Because the progress management of the project control several projects progress at the same time, and resource constraints must be taken into account in the implementation of the process, it increases the difficulty of implementation and controlling greatly. Therefore hhh ow to control the time and resources is difficult in the course of the project in the management.

4.5 The different between Project cost management patterns with traditional management

TThe main problem of enterprise management project cost management is that traditional cost management is out of touch with enterprise project cost management. Traditional enterprise management cost management confined within the company, or even only the production process (Hunger, J.D. and Wheelen, T.L. 1996). Project life source for implementation of the enterprise management projects, while the project cost management system emphasis on quality cost, time cost, resource cost management and controlling.

T在质量成本上存在以下问题 : ①The following problems about the quality cost is shown as follow: ① Project activity is a special kind of material production process, its production organization owns specific mobility, integrated, labor-intensive and complexity of collaborative relationship, and these had increased the difficulty of quality assurance. ; ② ; However, because the technology and the strength problems of enterprises themselves, something is lacked in quality management, then the implementation of enterprise management must invest to improve their core competitiveness.② As the project is a cooperation with other enterprises, the other enterprise quality management are non-standard, it results the need for cross-cultural management, this increases the difficult and costs in a certain extent. In terms of time and resources costs, due to the urgency of the time of the project, the resources are limited and the decisions are dynamics, the original cost management is non-adaptive.

4.6 Project management methods and enterprise process integration

Traditional enterprises are still the main body of the network economy era. In the information age, traditional businesses will have to face many challenges, faced with enormous pressure to survive, more and more problems in the context of the daily operations of the organization can not be resolved, and the existing organizational structure should be changed (Juran, J.M. 1992). One of the important tasks of enterprise management by project is to integrate enterprise management with enterprise business process and establish business processes on project management as the core. Enterprise business process describes how companies conduct business, is the guidelines of company's business operations and personnel mutual cooperation.

Currently, there are some problems exist in the process of the enterprise project management (Liberatore, R.L. 1993), First, the traditional business approach is to formulate a functional departments then set up business processes according to various departments, process guidance is not strong; second, business processes on project management as the core is set based on the process of project management, and the current domestic project management capacity is not strong; Third, the sign of more mature company's operational management is with a clear business processes and related standards, developing a process suitable for the enterprise is the key process to truly achieve the process leading; Fourth, a successful process optimization of enterprise information depends on technology strongly and need to establish information platform.

4.7 Network-based information has become a major problem

Changes in the enterprises competitive environment promote enterprises to find a way in information technology, the maturity of information technology and declines in cost improve the level of information technology (Martinsons, M.G. 1994). Many large and medium enterprises regarded the information construction as the key tasks to be tackled well in the formulation of long-term development planning in the next few years, at the same time, the development of networks has created extremely favorable conditions for SME.

DDifferent enterprises paid different attention to information technology, and some corporate regard the information systems as the nervous system for the enterprise, all of its daily operation and management are relying on information systems (Redding, G. 1993), while some enterprises are considered information technology is non-essential, information can not increase the sales growth for the enterprise. ; Some enterprises have a correct attitude toward the meaning and role of information systems, they carefully plan enterprise information technology development with corporate strategy, master plans is implemented step by step, promote practical application systems choosing a business, and progressively and gradually worked out for enterprise information technology project management method. As the stages of development of enterprises is different, enterprise information systems applications is different, all business for some enterprises can be completed in the information system, there is no manual transfer of documents and reports, while some enterprises are still in the stage that print report by computers.

As the investment of enterprise information system construction have gradually increased, enterprise recognize that project management can be worked in guaranteeing schedule, reducing costs, improving quality, preventing and controlling risks in many aspects (Sinclair, A. 1989). So managing the whole process of project information is paid more and more attention with project management method regard the information system construction as a project